InterPro domain: IPR036901

This domain superfamily contains two related enzymes:

1. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase ( 2.1.3.2 ) (ATCase) catalyses the conversion of aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to carbamoylaspartate, the second step in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides [ 1 ]. In prokaryotes ATCase consists of two subunits: a catalytic chain (gene pyrB) and a regulatory chain (gene pyrI), while in eukaryotes it is a domain in a multi-functional enzyme (called URA2 in yeast, rudimentary in Drosophila, and CAD in mammals [ 2 ]) that also catalyses other steps of the biosynthesis ofpyrimidines.
2. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase ( 2.1.3.3 ) (OTCase) catalyses the conversion of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate to citrulline. In mammals this enzyme participates in the urea cycle [ 3 ] and is located in the mitochondrial matrix. In prokaryotes and eukaryotic microorganisms it is involved in the biosynthesis of arginine. In some bacterial species it is also involved in the degradation of arginine [ 4 ] (the arginine deaminase pathway).

It has been shown [ 5 ] that these two enzymes are evolutionary related. The predicted secondary structure of both enzymes are similar and there are some regions of sequence similarities. One of these regions includes three residues which have been shown, by crystallographic studies [ 6 ], to be implicated in binding the phosphoryl group of carbamoyl phosphate.

1. Cloning and structure of the Bacillus subtilis aspartate transcarbamylase gene (pyrB). J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11156-65
2. The evolutionary history of the first three enzymes in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Bioessays 15, 157-64
3. Evolutionary aspects of urea cycle enzyme genes. Bioessays 10, 163-6
4. Primary and quaternary structure of the catabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extensive sequence homology with the anabolic ornithine carbamoyltransferases of Escherichia coli. Eur. J. Biochem. 166, 111-7
5. Protein differentiation: a comparison of aspartate transcarbamoylase and ornithine transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli K-12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 4864-8
6. Structure of unligated aspartate carbamoyltransferase of Escherichia coli at 2.6-A resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 4037-40