A number of enzymes, belonging to the lyase class, for which fumarate is a substrate, have been shown to share a short conserved sequence around amethionine which is probably involved in the catalytic activity of this typeof enzymes [1]. The following are examples of members of this family:

• P32427: 3-carboxymuconate lactonizing enzyme, 5.5.1.2 (3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase), an enzyme involved in aromatic acids catabolism [2].
• P24057: Delta-crystallin shares around 90% sequence identity with arginosuccinate lyase, showing that it is an example of a 'hijacked' enzyme - accumulated mutations have, however, rendered the protein enzymatically inactive.
• P05042: Class I Fumarase enzyme, 4.2.1.2 (fumarate hydratase), which catalyses the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. Class I enzymes are thermolabile dimeric enzymes (as for example: Escherichia coli fumC).
• P04424: Arginosuccinase, 4.3.2.1 (argininosuccinate lyase), which catalyses the formation of arginine and fumarate from argininosuccinate, the last step in the biosynthesis of arginine.
• P04422: Aspartate ammonia-lyase, 4.3.1.1 (aspartase), which catalyses the reversible conversion of aspartate to fumarate and ammonia. This reaction is analogous to that catalyzed by fumarase, except that ammonia rather than water is involved in the trans-elimination reaction.
• P00923: class II Fumarase enzyme, 4.2.1.2, are thermostable and tetrameric and are found in prokaryotes (as for example: E. coli fumA and fumB) as well as in eukaryotes. The sequence of the two classes of fumarases are not closely related.
• P25739: Adenylosuccinase, 4.3.2.2 (adenylosuccinate lyase) [3], which catalyses the eighth step in the de novo biosynthesis of purines, the formation of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and fumarate from 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-4-(N-succino-carboxamide). That enzyme can also catalyse the formation of fumarate and AMP from adenylosuccinate.
• A0A0U2UYC4: Trans-aconitate decarboxylase 1, which decarboxylates trans-aconitate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of itaconic acid and 2-hydroxyparaconate [4, 5].

1. Two biochemically distinct classes of fumarase in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 954, 14-26
2. 3-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme from Pseudomonas putida is homologous to the class II fumarase family: a new reaction in the evolution of a mechanistic motif. Biochemistry 31, 9768-76
3. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 42, 259-87
4. Ustilago maydis produces itaconic acid via the unusual intermediate trans-aconitate. Microb Biotechnol 9, 116-26
5. Genetic and biochemical insights into the itaconate pathway of Ustilago maydis enable enhanced production. Metab. Eng. 38, 427-435

A number of enzymes, belonging to the lyase class, for which fumarate is a substrate, have bee
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